锂硫电池与锂离子电池 – 如何选择

概述

在快速发展的储能领域, 之间的竞争 锂硫电池 (锂硫) 和锂离子 (锂离子) 电池受到高度关注, 推动下一代解决方案的探索. 本文旨在通过展示它们的基本化学来揭示两者的潜力, 性能特点, 和实际应用.
通过深入研究锂硫电池与锂离子电池的竞争格局, 我们的目的是强调这些技术可能对重塑储能行业产生的潜在影响.

例如, 电动汽车 (电动车) 行业即将发生重大变革, 且锂硫电池处于领先地位.
这些创新的电化学电池有望通过提供优于传统锂离子电池的独特优势，重新定义储能市场的未来. 在本文中, 我们来探讨一下锂硫电池相对于锂离子电池的主要优势, 以及这些进步如何引导我们走向更清洁、更可持续的使用.

什么是锂硫电池?

硫磺价格低廉且储量丰富, 并且在地球上大量存在. 特别是在石油和天然气的提炼过程中, 大量的黄色硫元素经常在化石燃料工厂外积聚.
对于研究化学反应如何发电的科学家来说, 硫一直被认为是一种非常有吸引力的储能材料. 这是因为锂和硫的结合有潜力创造出一种优秀的电池，不仅可以存储更多的能量, 但在某些场景下也比目前使用的锂离子电池更具成本效益.

锂硫电池是一种以锂为阳极、硫为阴极的可充电电池. 与其他电池相比, 锂硫电池以其高能量密度和低成本潜力而闻名. 放电过程中, 阳极中的锂离子与阴极中的硫反应生成硫化锂并释放电子. 充电时, 这个过程将被逆转, 允许电池重复充电和使用.

什么是锂离子电池?

锂离子电池也是常见的充电电池类型.
它通过锂离子在阳极和阴极之间的移动来存储和释放能量. 放电过程中, 锂离子从石墨阳极通过电解质移动到通常由钴组成的金属氧化物阴极, 镍, 或锰, 产生电流. 并且在充电过程中, 这个过程将被逆转.
锂离子电池根据电解质形式分为固态锂离子电池和液态锂离子电池. 而且其锂离子化学成分不同, 并且电池分为很多种.

有关类别的详细信息, 请参考这篇文章: 6 可供选择的锂离子电池的化学类型.
锂离子电池因其能量密度高等优异的自身特性而广受欢迎, 循环寿命长, 并且重量相对较轻. 它们已成为电动汽车的首选 (电动车) 电池是现代科技装备和运输车辆的重要动力源.

锂硫电池与锂离子电池——有什么区别

比较锂硫电池和 锂离子电池, 不同方面会有一定的差异. 以下比较是综合考虑技术发展现状和正在进行的研究成果.

锂硫电池有哪些优点?

更高的能量密度 : 锂硫电池的能量密度明显高于锂离子电池, 达到500Wh/kg, 约为传统锂离子电池的五倍.

更经济 : 正如前面提到的, 地球拥有丰富的硫磺储量, 这使得硫磺原料的价格非常低. 所以, 从长远来看, 锂硫电池具有更高的性价比潜力.

环境效益 : 硫磺是一种无毒物质, 而且锂硫电池比电解液中可能使用重金属的锂电池更环保.

锂硫电池有哪些缺点?

更少的循环次数 : 多硫化物会溶解在电解液中, 导致锂硫电池容量逐渐下降, 导致相对较短的循环寿命.

导电性差 : 硫及其放电产物的导电性较差, 所以需要添加导电助剂来提高导电率. 这将占用一些设计空间, 从而降低电池的整体能量密度.

体积膨胀 : 在充电和放电循环过程中, 锂硫电池体积将发生显着变化, 最多可达 80%. 这种显着的体积变化可能会导致电池机械性能下降, 从而影响其稳定性和寿命.

锂离子电池有哪些优点?

使用寿命更长 : 锂离子电池通常具有较长的循环寿命，在其性能显着下降之前可以经历数千次充电放电循环. 锂离子电池在长期使用中表现出更高的稳定性和可靠性.

效率更高 : 锂离子电池的库仑效率非常高, 甚至达到 99%, 这意味着在充电和放电过程中能量损失非常小. 高库仑效率保证锂离子电池在使用过程中能量转换更加高效.

电压稳定 : 锂离子电池可提供稳定的放电电压, 这对于电子设备的正常运行至关重要.
稳定的电压输出可以保证设备在使用过程中性能的一致性, 避免因电压波动造成功能异常或损坏.

锂离子电池有哪些缺点?

成本高 : 锂离子电池相对昂贵，主要是因为它们使用了昂贵的材料，例如钴. 然而, 当前的锂离子电池受到镍供应有限的阻碍.
钴是当今锂离子电池的另一个关键成分, 主要产于刚果民主共和国, 钴矿受到人权问题困扰的地方. 有人呼吁停止此类采矿.

安全风险 : 如果电池损坏或充电不当, 由于电解液的易燃性，可能会增加火灾风险. 锂离子电池的安全风险远高于铅酸电池, 尤其是在高温天气下.

环境影响 : 锂和钴在提取和加工过程中都会对环境和道德产生影响. 首先, 它们可能在采矿过程中对生态系统造成破坏, 其次, 加工过程中可能会释放有害化学物质.
此外, 所涉及的劳动条件可能不符合国际劳工标准, 造成重大道德问题.

锂硫电池和锂离子电池 – 综合比较

锂硫电池的理论能量密度 (500瓦时/公斤) 高于锂离子电池 (150-250瓦时/公斤), 这使得它们在需要高能量存储的应用中更加强大.
硫的丰富性和低成本可以使锂硫电池比目前的锂离子电池组便宜得多, 并减少对有问题领域的依赖, 所以锂硫电池通常更便宜. 相比之下, 锂离子电池更贵.
The service life of lithium-ion batteries is relatively long, usually exceeding 1000 周期. The dissolution of lithium polysulfides and the degradation of sulfur cathodes during repeated charging and discharging cycles lead to capacity degradation, resulting in a shorter lifespan of lithium sulfur batteries.

Lithium ion battery electrolytes are flammable and may pose a danger. Sulfur is not flammable and has low toxicity. After technical treatment, it can still produce non-toxic sulfur. Lithium sulfur batteries are generally considered safer and more environmentally friendly.
Compared to lithium-ion batteries, lithium sulfur batteries have a lower self discharge rate, which means they can retain stored energy for a longer period of time. 相比之下, lithium-ion batteries have a longer cycle life and higher actual energy density.
Compared with lithium-ion batteries, lithium sulfur battery technology is still in the early stages of development. Overcoming technical challenges related to sulfur cathode stability, electrolyte compatibility, and overall performance is crucial for widespread applications.

Although still in the research and development stage, lithium sulfur batteries have shown potential in applications that require higher energy density, such as electric vehicles and grid scale energy storage, with advantages in light weight and cost-effectiveness.

锂硫电池和锂离子电池如何做出最佳选择?

The choice between lithium sulfur batteries and lithium-ion batteries depends on the specific needs and limitations of your application.
例如, in application requirements, considering the high energy density of the product: Li-S batteries may be more suitable for applications such as electric vehicles or aerospace, as high energy density is crucial.
If you need long-lasting batteries, such as consumer electronics or grid storage, then lithium-ion batteries are a better choice because they have a longer cycle life.

If cost is the top consideration, then compared to the metals used in lithium-ion batteries, sulfur has a lower cost, so lithium sulfur batteries may be more attractive to you. 同时, the total cost of ownership, including the cost of battery replacement, also needs to be considered.
If priority is given to reducing ecological impact and safety: for safety critical applications such as medical devices or portable electronic devices, the non combustible properties of sulfur in lithium sulfur batteries have advantages.

此外, lithium-ion batteries typically provide more stable voltage and higher efficiency, making them more suitable for applications that require stable power output. For applications with high load requirements, such as power tools or electric vehicles, the robustness and efficiency of lithium-ion batteries have significant advantages.

结论

总之, lithium sulfur (锂硫) provides an attractive battery product for traditional lithium-ion battery alternatives due to its excellent energy density, lightweight efficiency, cost reduction, and fast charging capability. 例如, in the battery market such as electric vehicles, it also has certain advantages in its own batteries, which is expected to revolutionize the field of electric vehicles.
The prospects of LiSB lie in its impressive energy density and sulfur – a more abundant and less problematic material compared to the metals currently used in LIBs. With continuous progress in research and development in this field, lithium sulfur batteries are moving forward.

The advancement of battery technology has increasingly favored the potential of Li-S batteries as a high-performance energy storage system. Becoming a potential strong competitor in the lithium-ion battery market. Although some significant issues with lithium sulfur batteries are evident, new technological achievements have been made in addressing these problems, 例如 nanoporous membranes and innovative electrode structures. With the current electrification of society, the development path of LiSB is clear: developing research, overcoming technological barriers, and expanding production scale to enter the mass market. It can be said that Lithium sulfur battery has a promising future.

经常问的问题

锂硫电池能用多久?

Li-S batteries can typically undergo about 300-500 charge discharge cycles, after which the capacity will significantly decrease. So its lifespan is usually shorter than that of lithium-ion (锂离子) 电池. This is mainly due to the dissolution of polysulfides and the resulting loss of active substances. 现在, the main research direction is also on how to improve the service life of Lithium sulfur batteries.

锂硫电池可燃吗?

Lithium sulfur batteries are generally considered safer and less flammable than lithium-ion batteries. This is because sulfur is not flammable and has lower reactivity than the metal oxides used in lithium-ion batteries.
然而, the electrolytes and other materials used in the structure of lithium sulfur batteries still affect their safety. This can also be understood. To generate a chemical reaction, certain conditions are required, and the reaction generates energy. As long as it is used reasonably, risks can be avoided.

锂硫电池能否商业化?

当然, but currently lithium sulfur batteries have not been widely used commercially.
Although lithium sulfur batteries have great prospects due to their high energy density and cost advantages, they are still in the research and development stage. Some companies have already started developing commercial products, but it will still take some time to officially enter the market.

固态锂硫是锂离子电池吗? 他们有什么特点?

Solid state lithium sulfur batteries use solid electrolytes instead of the liquid electrolytes commonly found in lithium-ion batteries.
It can be considered that solid-state lithium sulfur batteries are a type of lithium-ion battery, although solid-state lithium sulfur batteries are not the same as traditional lithium-ion batteries. But in the category of lithium batteries, and they have similarities in rechargeable battery technology.

锂硫电池会成为超越锂离子电池甚至更好的下一代电池吗?

One of the main bottlenecks in research is the poor cycling of 锂硫电池. The current solution is to adopt methods at the material, electrode/electrolyte, and battery integration levels to transform LSB from a leader to a true leader in pursuing “surpassing LIB”. The market believes that in the expected commercialization of LSB in the next decade, 这 “liquid trend” will gradually be replaced by the “solid-state future”. This can also solve the problem of capacity degradation caused by the dissolution of polysulfides in the electrolyte, which can affect the service life of Lithium sulfur batteries.